The descending stroke of the Latin letter R has fully developed by the 3rd century BC, as seen in the Tomb of the Scipios sarcophagus inscriptions of that era. Here, the rounded, closing Π shape of the p and the Ρ shape of the r have become difficult to distinguish. The Lapis Satricanus inscription shows the form of the Latin alphabet around 500 BC. Indeed, the oldest known forms of the Latin alphabet itself of the 7th to 6th centuries BC, in the Duenos and the Forum inscription, still write r using the "P" shape of the letter. The descending diagonal stroke develops as a graphic variant in some Western Greek alphabets (writing rho as ), but it was not adopted in most Old Italic alphabets most Old Italic alphabets show variants of their rho between a "P" and a "D" shape, but without the Western Greek descending stroke. It developed into Greek ' Ρ' ῥῶ ( rhô) and Latin R. The word became the name of the letter, as an example of acrophony. The letter R is believed to derive ultimately from an image of a head, used in Semitic alphabets for the sound /r/ because the word for "head" was rêš (or similar) in most Semitic languages. History EgyptianĪntiquity The word prognatus as written on the Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus (280 BC) reveals the full development of the Latin R by that time the letter P at the same time still retains its archaic shape distinguishing it from Greek or Old Italic rho. The reference is also found in Ben Jonson's English Grammar. In William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, such a reference is made by Juliet's nurse in Act 2, scene 4, when she calls the letter R "the dog's name". A good example of a trilled R is in the Spanish word for dog, perro. This Latin term referred to the Latin R that was trilled to sound like a growling dog, a spoken style referred to as vōx canīna ('dog voice'). The letter R is sometimes referred to as the littera canīna (literally 'canine letter', often rendered in English as the dog's letter). In Hiberno-English the letter is called /ɒr/ or /ɔːr/, somewhat similar to oar, ore, orr. In Middle English, the name of the letter changed from /ɛr/ to /ar/, following a pattern exhibited in many other words such as farm (compare French ferme) and star (compare German Stern). This name is preserved in French and many other languages. The name of the letter in Latin was er ( /ɛr/), following the pattern of other letters representing continuants, such as F, L, M, N and S. Canadian English also uses the "-re" ending, unlike American English, where the ending is usually replaced by "-er" ( center). The letter ⟨r⟩ is used to form the ending "-re", which is used in certain words such as centre in some varieties of English spelling, such as British English. The letter ⟨r⟩ is the eighth most common letter in English and the fourth-most common consonant (after ⟨t⟩, ⟨n⟩, and ⟨s⟩). In some varieties of African-American Vernacular English, the name of the letter is pronounced as "arruh" (pronounced /ɑɹːə/). Its name in English is ar (pronounced / ˈ ɑːr/), plural ars, or in Ireland or / ˈ ɔːr/. R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.
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